

Thoughts on the 250th Anniversary of America: Why the French Revolution’s Goddess of Liberty Needed a Guillotine (And America’s God Didn’t)
Edmund Burke, in his Reflections on the Revolution in France, identified a telling difference between sound political order and revolutionary excess. Radicals, he observed, pledge their primary loyalty to grand abstractions (liberty, equality, fraternity, the “rights of man”) treated as self-evident metaphysical principles to be imposed regardless of circumstance, history, or human frailty. Conservatives (or prudent reformers), by contrast, maintain loyalty to concrete person
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